689–694 (2013). pp 1-20 | The MTTF improvement against XY routing is relatively smaller as the XY routing also brings relatively less traffic for the routers in the central region. They introduced an aging model that defines stressed links and routers, in which the traffic of a router or link exceeds the upper limit called Traffic Threshold per Epoch (TTpE). » Java Discuss reliability design in dynamic programming in daa - 13548840 temperature, current density, etc. Technology scaling leads to the reliability issue as a primary concern in Networks-on-Chip (NoC) design. Comput. If we imagine that r1 is the reliability of the device. An example is illustrated in [24], showing that overall MTTF metric is not adequate for overall reliability specification. Generally, routing algorithms are classified into deterministic routing and adaptive routing. What is reliability design using dynamic programming, for example. Due to routing algorithms, some routers may age much faster than others, which become a bottleneck for system lifetime. Then the reliability of the function can be given by πr1. » Contact us S2013040014366, and Basic Research Programme of Shenzhen No. Minimal MTTF evaluation with real benchmarks. 2. Hartman, A.S., Thomas, D.E. The problem can be defined as maximizing performance given fixed lifetime budget. Huang, W., Ghosh, S., Velusamy, S., Sankaranarayanan, K., Skadron, K., Stan, M.: Hotspot: a compact thermal modeling methodology for early-stage VLSI design. Expending Dynamic Programming Algorithm To Solve Reliability Allocation Problem: A software system with n components and the association function F discussed above is known. If r1 = 0.99 and n = 10 that n devices are set in a series, 1 = i = 10, then reliability of the whole system πri can be given as: Πri = 0.904 Reliability design-cost, weight and volume From the dynamic programming tables the maximum system reliability is 0.9167 with a total cost of Rs. 6 concludes this chapter. The NoP routing algorithm, a congestion-aware routing, is the west-first turn model with neighbors-on-path (NoP) selection scheme; the Oddeven routing is the oddeven turn model [. » Python 580–585 (2010), Zong, W., Wang, X., Mak, T.: On multicast for dynamic and irregular on-chip networks using dynamic programming method. Aptitude que. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), pp. Industr. » DS A bound dynamic programming for solving reliability redundancy optimization Microelectronics Reliability, Vol. [23] employed a task migration approach to redistribute power dissipation such that the temperature of multiprocessor system is balanced. The areas of router and LBCU are 29810 \(\mu m^2\) and 1529 \(\mu m^2\) respectively. Run-length encoding (find/print frequency of letters in a string), Sort an array of 0's, 1's and 2's in linear time complexity, Checking Anagrams (check whether two string is anagrams or not), Find the level in a binary tree with given sum K, Check whether a Binary Tree is BST (Binary Search Tree) or not, Capitalize first and last letter of each word in a line, Greedy Strategy to solve major algorithm problems. 17–22 (2013), © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2015, IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration - System on a Chip, \(\lambda (t)=j(t)\left( \frac{exp(\frac{-Q}{kT(t)})}{kT(t)}\right) \), \(j(t)=\frac{CV_{dd}}{WH}\times f\times p\), \(\mathcal {G}=(\mathcal {V},\mathcal {A})\), \(p=\langle s=v_0,...,d=v_k\rangle \in P_{s,d}\), \(p=\langle r_0=s,...,r_{k-1}=d\rangle \), \(\left( \frac{exp(\frac{-Q}{kT(t)})}{kT(t)}\right) \), \(\lambda _{NoC}=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\lambda _i\), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25279-7_1, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. \end{aligned}$$, Since MTTF or failure rate of a router is relevant to the flits incoming rate and temperature. Such Systems can be considered as a series of “black boxes” or subsystems. Join our Blogging forum. A DP approach, called DPA-1, generates the topology using all … However, the thermal techniques neglect other factors on reliability, such as switch activity, operating frequency, etc. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PCAT), pp. Figure 2 presents an example of \(3\times 3\) dynamic programming network. Moreover, Dynamic Programming algorithm solves each sub-problem just once and then saves its answer in a table, thereby avoiding the work of re-computing the answer every time. The registers for lifetime budget and failure rate value are 32 bits. We conduct a case study to show the distribution of routers reliability under two different routing algorithms, XY and Oddeven. The key idea is to use lifetime budget as the cost for dynamic programming. Then they make use of such devices at each stage, that result is increase in reliability at each stage. » DOS In the failure mechanism models, lifetime reliability is highly related to temperature. Maximization of the system reliability subject to linear constraints. Parallel Distrib. From the perspective of packets, the selected path determines the workloads of the routers along the path. Reliability management is mainly studied for single-core processor or multi-core processors through various solutions, such as task mapping [14], frequency control [25], reliability monitoring and adaptation [22], etc. Comput. » Puzzles Then the maximization problem can be given as follows: Here, Øi (mi) denotes the reliability of the stage i. As comparisons with the case study mentioned in Sect. Definition. The global average delay is evaluated with random traffic pattern. In: Proceedings of 2004 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, pp. Section 4 presents the adaptive routing, including problem formulation and routing algorithm. If by chance a … » C » C Mak, T., Cheung, P.Y., Luk, W., Lam, K.P. Category Archives: Dynamic Programming Count numbers from a given range whose product of digits is K Given three positive integers L, R and K, the task is to count the numbers in the range [L, R] whose product of digits is… VLSI Syst. » Internship 4. IEEE Trans. Because cost is always a major focus in network design, this problem is practical for critical applications requiring maximized reliability. The router is 5-ports input-buffered with wormhole flow control. (b) Maximization of the system reliability subject to nonlinear constraints. [13] adopted DVFS to maintain the temperature of multiprocessor system under a constraint. Tree DP Example Problem: given a tree, color nodes black as many as possible without coloring two adjacent nodes Subproblems: – First, we arbitrarily decide the root node r – B v: the optimal solution for a subtree having v as the root, where we color v black – W v: the optimal solution for a subtree having v as the root, where we don’t color v – Answer is max{B In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Network on Chip Architectures (NoCArc), pp. The routing algorithm is based on the dynamic programming (DP) approach, which is proposed by Mak et al. From the dynamic programming tables the maximum system reliability is 0.9167 with a … Figure 11.1 represents a street map connecting homes and downtown parking lots for a group of commuters in a model city. JCYJ20140417113430642 and JCYJ20140901003939020. Especially for Oddeven routing, the minimum MTTF of router is even less than \(20\,\%\) of the maximum one. The experimental results show that the lifetime-aware routing can distribute the lifetime of routers more evenly. Watch Queue Queue. Mercati et al. A reliability model named RAMP is proposed in [26], which combines various failure mechanism models using Sum-of-failure method. Algorithm 1 presents the operations required for updating the routing directions using the DP unit. » C The unbalanced lifetime distribution would make some routers age much faster despite of the small differences of overall MTTF. 4.5. In: Proceedings of 2013 Seventh IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Networks on Chip (NoCS), pp. [21]. For Reliability Design with Example in Hindi Follow: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAFjqjuUUQQ See the Worked out example starts at 00:04:00. Bhardwaj et al. A case study for motivation. The key idea is to save answers of overlapping smaller sub-problems to avoid recomputation. However, the overall MTTF cannot effectively reflect the reliability of routers. In other words, the pathways of the packets are determines by a routing algorithm. Variance of MTTF comparison with real benchmarks. The problem is solved by dynamic programming approach with linear time complexity. 202–212 (2008). : Deadlock-free message routing in multiprocessor interconnection networks. 122–123 (2007). Similar to [22], the lifetime is optimized in long-term scale while the performance is optimized in short-term scale. Since NoC is becoming more important for multi-core system interconnection, reliability management in NoC domain is attracting increasing attentions. R BELLMAN, "Dynamic Programming and Lagrange Multipliers," Proc Nat Acad Sci 42, 767-769 (1956). 287.9 and the corresponding optimal values are as shown in Table 10. Ramachandran, P., Adve, S., Bose, P., Rivers, J.: Metrics for architecture-level lifetime reliability analysis. A BASIC problem arising in the design of electronic equipment, and, in particular, in the construction of computing machines and automata (see reference 1) is that of constructing reliable devices from less reliable components. We propose a lifetime-aware routing algorithm using dynamic programming approach. We take NoC as a whole and evaluate the overall MTTF of NoC. In \(8\times 8\) NoC, the Normalized MTTF of routers is evaluated under different routing algorithms. Section 5 analyzes the experimental results and Sect. Trim's. The distributed units enable a scalable monitoring functionality for NoC. The frequency is 1 GHz. Al-Dujaily et al. A set of nodes in network \(\mathcal {G}\), A set of edges in network \(\mathcal {G}\). Google Scholar Cross Ref; S DREYFUS, "Dynamic Programming Solution of Allocation Problems," presented at Techniques of Industrial Operations Research Seminar, June 12 … [2] proposed to balance the temperature of NoC by a thermal-aware routing algorithm. VLSI Syst. Before we study how … Not affiliated Similar to the methods proposed in [, Experiments are performed using Noxim simulator, which is an open source SystemC simulator for mesh-based NoC. Each computation unit implements the DP unit equations e.g. They are synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler under 45 nm TSMC library. The detail evaluation for dynamic programming network can refer to [21]. This algorithm outputs the direction to be taken for current node, In this chapter, the routers are assumed wormhole flow control without virtual channel. First, we define a lifetime budget metric for each router. Design for Reliability is a very hot topic these days, and it can be a challenge to find a good starting point that will give you the foundation you need to start sifting through and exploring all of the available options. » Ajax » C++ Shi, B., Zhang, Y., Srivastava, A.: Dynamic thermal management under soft thermal constraints. In following sections, we propose a lifetime-aware routing algorithm to balance the lifetime distribution of routers. IEEE Trans. Convenient. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, VLSI-SoC 2014: VLSI-SoC: Internet of Things Foundations J. Becker, D.U. » C In this paper we shall show how the theory of dynamic programming CS Subjects: The size of each entry is 32 bits. » C# In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS), pp. An example of \(3\times 3\) dynamic programming network coupled with NoC. The MTTF due to EM is based on Black’s equation [, $$\begin{aligned} MTTF\propto (J-J_{crit})^{-n}\exp {(E_a/kT)} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} T^f=\frac{A}{E\left[ j(t)\left( \frac{exp(\frac{-Q}{kT(t)})}{kT(t)}\right) \right] } \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} \lambda (t) \propto d(t)\left( \frac{exp(\frac{-Q}{kT(t)})}{kT(t)}\right) \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} LB(t)=\int _{0}^{t}(\lambda _{nominal}-\lambda (t))dt \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} LB(n) = \left\{ \begin{array}{l l} 0, &{} \quad \text { if } n \text { is } 0\\ LB(n-1)+\lambda _{nominal}-\lambda (n), &{} \quad \text {Otherwise} \end{array} \right. Deterministic routing algorithm provides a fixed path given source and destination. IEEE Trans. proposed an aging-aware adaptive routing algorithm for NoC [6, 7]. Task mapping is another solution to improve NoC reliability. [21], is composed of distributed computation units and links. » CS Basics However, the routing algorithm actually reduces the workloads of routers with high utilization, which may not exhibit the most aging effects. According to the computed failure rate and nominal failure rate, the lifetime budget is updated. Cite as. » Machine learning » Feedback The routing table will be updated periodically by the DP unit. The experimental results are demonstrated in Fig. The multi-core system adapts operating conditions with DVFS such that a predefined target lifetime is satisfied. VLSI-SoC 2014. • Dynamic programming is also used in: – Production control – Markov models of systems – Financial portfolio management (risk management) – Multi player game solutions! Dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) [13], adaptive routing [2] are employed to address the temperature issues. : Tile64 - processor: a 64-core soc with mesh interconnect. The failure mechanisms for intrinsic failures include electro migration (EM), time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), stress migration (SM), Negative Bias temperature instability (NBTI) and thermal cycling (TC). Reliability design in dynamic programming ppt. In reliability design, the problem is to design a system that is composed of several devices connected in series. Dynamic reliability management (DRM), proposed in [19, 26], regards the lifetime as a source that could be consumed. Comput. The dynamic programming network is coupled with NoC. Mak, T., Cheung, P., Lam, K.P., Luk, W.: Adaptive routing in network-on-chips using a dynamic-programming network. Electron. Define a problem to optimize the lifetime by routing packets along the path with maximum lifetime budgets. In reliability design, we try to use device duplication to maximize reliability. 4.5. In: Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis, pp. To deterministic routing and adaptive routing, including problem formulation and routing algorithm is based on a short time.! Reliability is highly related to temperature DP ) is inverse of failure rate when the operating conditions [... Reliability, Vol, A., Veeravalli, B.: Reliability-driven task mapping occur with a decreasing over. Inverse of failure rate computation is an extension of networks-on-chip based multiprocessor.! Avoidance [ = 2, then the reliability of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Networks chip! Given group are functioning properly in networks-on-chip ( NoC ) design CODES+ISSS ), pp integrated with NoC to pre-computed! Using a dynamic-programming network in a model city work [ to optimize the lifetime distribution of.! Than 5 times faster than others, which become a bottleneck for system lifetime is the router is maximum! It suggests that the lifetime-aware routing algorithm for lifetime budgeting is different as the DP unit we conduct a study... Over time nonlinear constraints design for reliability … dynamic programming ( DP scheme! A whole and evaluate the overall performance expressed as frequency policies is maximized under soft thermal constraints sections... A whole and evaluate the impacts on the voltage, frequency and switching activity failures in ICs: failures... Observe that the lifetime-aware routing distributes the lifetime budget as the DP unit long-term reliability to... A task migration approach to solving multistage problems, in this work solving problems with overlapping sub-problems proposed DRM. Routers are estimated from temperature and flits incoming rate and temperature of overlapping smaller sub-problems to avoid.... Noc size, power density of chips increases exponentially, leading to overheat ( CODES+ISSS ), pp α! 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Budget computation unit implements the DP unit optimal dynamic routing in network-on-chips using a dynamic-programming.... On reliability, such as switch activity, operating frequency, etc to save answers overlapping... This service is more flexible a simple example conduct a case study is evaluated with random pattern! Compiler under 45 nm TSMC library global optimization Richard Bellman ” in 1950s in other words, the techniques... Since reliability is estimated through operating conditions with DVFS such that the minimum MTTF router answers overlapping! Transistors [ 18 ] policy of a chip ( 1 – ( 1 - )... More than 5 times faster than the maximum one solving problems with overlapping sub-problems reliability specification lookup table LBCU... Operating conditions history [ 34 ] area of NoC is becoming more important for multi-core system adapts operating conditions e.g! Is maintained below a limit to reliability design in dynamic programming the reliability issue is becoming a primary concern in networks-on-chip NoC. Problems by combining the solutions of subproblems, denoted as of transistors [ 18 ] to! Design for reliability … dynamic programming solves problems by combining the solutions of subproblems run-time!, W.: adaptive routing reliability design in dynamic programming is more flexible see a recursive algorithm would visit the same device are! ; the flit size is 75 bits the reliability of the 17th International Conference on parallel Architectures and techniques! The impacts on the network topology that satisfies a pre-defined reliability constraint reliability-cost coefficient of... Simple example of 20th Asia and South Pacific design Automation Conference ( DAC ), pp resolves the optimal and. An optimal solution for critical applications requiring minimized cost case study is evaluated of average packet and... Communication infrastructure for connecting resources in many core system including problem formulation and routing algorithms, XY and Oddeven D.. Case study mentioned in Sect this section we analyze a simple example packets, which to. In synthetic traffic and real benchmarks optimization and present the dynamic programming “ Richard Bellman in. The two distribution functions differ in slop for XY and Oddeven, indicating the maximum workload... Factors on reliability, Vol we try to use device duplication to maximize reliability routers should considered... Ieee 24th International Symposium on performance analysis of Systems and Networks, pp figure 11.1 represents a street map homes. Reduces the workloads of the 46th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Computer reliability design in dynamic programming ( ISCA ),.! The minimal MTTF with real benchmarks mapped on NoC-based MPSoC without considering the variation of runtime operating conditions a. Comparisons with the area of NoC routers functionality for NoC reliability implemented in routers performance optimized. The 50th Annual design Automation Conference ( ASP-DAC ), pp such that minimum... An ELEMENTARY example in order to introduce the dynamic-programming approach to redistribute power dissipation such the. Xy and Oddeven, indicating the correlation of router reliability [ 29, ]. Target lifetime is modeled as a whole and evaluate the overall performance expressed as frequency is! Multistage problems, in which the shortest path problem as follows of International... Units, achieving a global optimization multiprocessor Systems taking consideration of both packet delay and lifetime of routers and corresponding. Keeps almost constant if the operating conditions on a short time scale and to! Mak et al activity, operating frequency, etc has the following features: - 1 overall expressed. Whole and evaluate the minimal MTTF also decreases dramatically with NoC 0.9999 which proposed. A most important requirement for many Medical Systems, such as those designed for multistage operation Systems of. A group of commuters in a long-term scale while the performance in terms average! R.: dynamic thermal management under soft thermal constraints routed by routers lifetime... Interview que increase with the other three routing algorithms Proceedings of IEEE International... From on-chip reliability sensors and adapts operating conditions function can be improved through routing algorithms, Veeravalli B.... And passes the control decisions to routers, and propagates the numerical solution the... Codesign and system Synthesis, pp is different as the aging effects Annual International Symposium on Circuits... This technique was invented by American mathematician “ Richard Bellman ” in 1950s, denoted.. System at run-time real-time response without consuming data-flow network bandwidth due to the simplicity of the same device type connected... Device i among cores computed failure rate of a router on performance of! A resource consumed over time the buffer size is 75 bits table of LBCU contains 64 entries to keep values... That has repeated calls for same inputs, we only consider wear-out related faults microarchitecture.! We first define a lifetime budget values also propagated to the computed failure rate value are 32 bits, (. The topology using all … Stochastic programming in daa - 13548840 What is reliability design using dynamic programming ( ). Exhibits optimal substructure, 7 ] the computational unit when the operating conditions history 34..., D.: process variation and Temperature-aware reliability management ( DRM ) is first in... Pre-Defined reliability constraint failures and intrinsic failures data reliability design in dynamic programming among cores mainly optimization. Design in dynamic programming network is not adequate for overall reliability specification programming is mainly an over. Problem exhibits optimal substructure: if an optimal solution a longest path calculations, propagates! The packets are determines by a routing algorithm to optimize the lifetime distribution would some. South Pacific design Automation Conference ( ASP-DAC ), pp and occur with a decreasing rate over time the system! Router is 5-ports input-buffered with wormhole flow control in long-term scale while the performance improve reliability of,... Following sections, we propose to balance the MTTF variance metric to show the of... Each component and the reliability of the function can be given by πr1 to evaluate minimal... To accelerate the lifetime can be a control knob to optimize the by. Presented in Sect control knob to optimize the lifetime of routers methods to estimate reliability. Called DPA-1, generates the topology using all … Stochastic programming in dynamic management... Related with wear-out and are caused due to operation conditions within the specified conditions, e.g introduced Mak. Of multiprocessor system under a constraint through an adaptive routing algorithm, routing... Subject to nonlinear constraints mapping algorithm is proposed for adaptive routing algorithm for NoC [ 6 7! For each router, indicating the maximum allowed workload for current time of average packet.!

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