https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000903039794, Schutze MK, Jessup A, Clarke AR (2012) Wing shape as a potential discriminator of morphologically similar pest taxa between the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Part of Springer Nature. 2004; Sukontason 2005; Sukontason et al. The species is generally found on dead decaying carcasses, rotten logs, garbage dumps etc. It includes stages through which an organism passes, ie, metamorphosis, instars, gametophyte/embryophyte, and, transitions from sessile to mobile forms. Images were also taken in a similar plane by using fixed focal length and lighting. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x, Klingenberg CP (2013) Visualizations in geometric morphometrics: how to read and how to make graphs showing shape changes. Adams ZJO, Hall MJR (2003) Methods used for the killing and preservation of blowfly larvae, and their effect on post-mortem larval length. GM also provides detailed visualization of morphological transformations and morpho-spatial differences in shape and size unique to species by using shape landmark coordinates, thus providing more accurate species discriminations (Viscosi and Cardini 2011; Cooke and Terhune 2015). [1] [2] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. General description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-7691, Klingenberg CP (2016) Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics. In replicate 1, differences were detected between the 44- and 50-h group, 68- and 74-h group, 68- and 92-h group, and 74 and 92-h group. Also discusses timing, though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for Morphology. Google Scholar, Tatsuta H, Takahashi KH, Sakamaki Y (2018) Geometric morphometrics in entomology: basics and applications. Ten species of the family Calliphoridae are reported from Samoa. Academic Press, London. Egypt J For Sci 5(1):1–12. Article  The assessments of this analysis were based on centroid size measurements, visualization on the landmarks displacements, classification of the relative landmarks by using canonical variate analysis, and ontogenetic allometry determination. varipes), or by placing wild-caught females in cages with a suitable oviposition medium (Ch. … Blood, body fluids etc. The raw data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table, in order to take both sexes and the variable developmental … These flies pose significant health risks, especially due to their close association with human settlements. Cephalopharyngeal skeletons that were not thoroughly cleared or inclined from lateral position were omitted from being used as samples. Sim, LX., Zuha, R.M. 2005; Scalici et al. Two species, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and C. varipes are newly recorded from the area. (1940). Chrysomya is an Old World blow fly genus belonging to the family Calliphoridae. Post-feeding larvae were excluded from sampling. Forensic Sci Int 179(1):1–10. Description: Early morning on the little mangrove beach, flies gather on leaves to watch the sunrise. Any information on infraranks like subspecies, varieties, and races. saffranea, Ch. Landmarks used for cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape description in the present study were limited to five landmarks instead of the eight used by Nuñez and Liria (2016), because of some clearly undeveloped structures in the first instar larvae such as apical hook, union between hypostomal sclerite and the mouth hook, and dorsal apodeme of mouth hook. https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1426136, Article  https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20317, CAS  In interpreting speciation and sexual dimorphism among flies, adult wing morphology is the most frequently utilized body part (Gidaszewski et al. Based on the conditions of slit on posterior spiracle which could be used to discern larval instars (Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz 2010), C. megacephala larva was the first instar at 20 and 26 h and developed to the second instar at 44 and 50 h before progressing to the third instar. In this study, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) was reared in two study replicates in natural conditions and samplings were conducted at fixed daily intervals. Widely distributed throughout the Oriental and Australasian regions and recently introduced into the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300019, Rodríguez-Mendoza R, Muñoz M, Saborido-Rey F (2011) Ontogenetic allometry of the bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae), in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean based on geometric morphometrics. Chrysomya megacephala (F.) is a blow fly of forensic and public health importance (Wells and Kurahashi 1994). In order to determine whether centroid size varies significantly at different sampling intervals, one-way between-group ANOVA was performed followed by Games-Howell post hoc analysis for non-homogeneous variances data set. J Vector Ecol 37(1):62–68. 2012). Chrysomya megacephala belongs to the Invertebrates group. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12293, Teskey HJ (1981) Morphology and terminology – larvae. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12246, Sukontason K, Bunchoo M, Khantawa B, Pianjai S, Sukontason K, Methanitikorn R, Rongsriyam Y (2000) Mechanical carrier of bacterial enteric pathogens by Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00026.x, Klingenberg CP (2002) Shape analysis of symmetric structures: quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry. Parasitol Res 102(6):1207–1206. This fly can be a nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis. Chrysomya is an Old World blow fly genus of the family Calliphoridae. nov. is described from Western Samoa. Indian J For Med Toxicol 11(2):217–221. Therefore, in the current research, GM was employed to analyze the development of forensically important blow fly larvae represented by shape changes in cephalopharyngeal skeleton. In adults, a few species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy 1830, Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830, and Hemipyrellia Townsend 1918 were correctly classified and could be further explained by within genus phenetic relationships (Sontigun et al. Ontogenetic allometric effect based on multivariate regression on Procrustes coordinates and centroid size was significant (p < 0.0001), indicating that shape was influenced by growth (60.3%). Chrysomya pacifica sp. Källor a b c; Externa länkar. Evol Dev 20:29–39. However, there were drawbacks when using larval body length because it can be affected by specimens handling (Tantawi and Greenberg 1993; Adams and Hall 2003; Day and Wallman 2008; Richards et al. Hypopygia of H. rhodocera, C. megacephala and C. pacifica are illustrated. Any information on longevity, including the average period an organism can be expected to survive. Cross-validation test in DFA revealed high percentages of correctly classified specimens in all sampling intervals (86.7–100.0%; p < 0.0001) except for pairs of 20–26, 44–50, and 68–92 age groups, which corresponded to non-significant results in Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances output (Table 4). Description: Chrysomya is an Old World blow fly genus belonging to the family Calliphoridae. C. megacephala's eggs are "oval with one flat face and another convex". Images were obtained from the specimens; digitized and geometric morphometric analysis on C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons was performed with MorphoJ software based on the ordination of five landmarks. Subsequently, CVA was employed to describe shape variations between age groups by maximizing the effect of separation (Cooke and Terhune 2015). 2008; Kumara et al. In recent years, geometric morphometrics (GM) has been increasingly utilized as a multivariate tool to classify insect species based on morphological shape in both mature and immature stages including flies (Canal et al. Disease-causing bacteria carried by flies include Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Shigella disentry. Eionet; Network of the Heads of Environment Protection Agencies (EPA network) Plos One 6(10):e25630. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), called the Oriental Latrine Fly, is a warm-weather fly with a greenish-blue metallic box-like body which belongs to the family Calliphoridae (blowflies). The adults were identified based on taxonomic descriptions by Kurahashi et al. [1] Bildgalleri. latifrons). Other than discriminating between species, geometric morphometrics was found to be practical to visualize larval growth based on cephalopharyngeal skeletons which can be useful in forensic entomology. GM analysis on C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeleton can be useful to discriminate larval age group and aid growth visualization based on landmark displacements. 2015; Nuñez and Liria 2016; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2017a; Tatsuta et al. Musca megacephala Fabricius, 1794 Musca remuria Walker, 1849 Pollenia basalis Smith, 1876 Somomya cyaneocincta Bigot, 1888 Somomya pfefferi Bigot, 1877 Somomyia cyaneocincta Bigot, 1887 Somomyia dives Bigot, 1887 Somomyia saffranea Bigot, 1877 Homonyms Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) Common names 大頭金蠅;大頭麗蠅 in language. By using regression analysis of the Procrustes coordinates and centroid size/log-transformed centroid size, the association between shape and size across different age groups was significant with moderate to high effect. C. putoria is native to Africa and has recently spread to the Americas. Forensic Sci Int 138:50–61. PubMed  The liver was placed on a 3-cm-thick coarse sawdust and separated by a piece of tissue paper. Geographically, the distribution of this species is quite broad, extending from the Oriental, Australasian, and Oceania regions to Africa, South America, and Central … https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00117.x, Klingenberg CP (2011) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol 1. Pictured in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.011, Eliza P, Zuha RM (2018) Preliminary assessment of cephalopharyngeal skeleton length and body length of Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedermann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae as potential parameters to estimate minimum post mortem interval. The adult flies (females) prefer protein diet eg. Shape conformation for cephalopharyngeal skeletons in study replicates 1 and 2 scattered along the first two canonical variate axes (CV1 and CV2) (Fig. The Chrysomya genus contains a number of species including Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala. Chrysomya megacephala - Waiting for the Sun collect media. The two-dimensional images were then converted to a readable format using tpsUtil (version 1.74) and landmarks were plotted by using tpsDig2 (version 2.31) (download link: http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/). Then it was mounted on a glass slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position, covered with a 5-mm round coverslip. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0675-7, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Villacís AG, Grijalva MJ, Dujardin JP (2017) The modern morphometric approach to identify eggs of Triatominae. Describes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...). The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 degrees C in the laboratory. http://www.flywings.org.uk/morphoj_page.htm_, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-006-0086-x, https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1426136, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010004700001, https://doi.org/10.3897/szookeys.540.6012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.011, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-018-0070-x, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6292, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00026.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00117.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-7691, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00200.x, https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6369, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0297-0, https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2017.00100.1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0683-9, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0675-7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-1982-2, https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000903039794, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485311000423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2163-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-0895-6, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300018770, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00043.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01030.x, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025630, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600001868, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0158-y. We report a forensic entomology case associated with human myiasis in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Covers ranges, e.g., a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e.g., managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. Generally found on meat, rotten logs, carrion, human feces, fish , garbage dumps etc. In forensic entomology, cephalopharyngeal skeleton plays a crucial role in species identification but the morphometric information of this part is scarce. For future study, landmark selection should be standardized and compared with different shape acquisition techniques such as semilandmarks or outline-based using elliptical Fourier analysis (David Sheets et al. Google Scholar, Webster M, David Sheets H (2010) A practical introduction to landmark-based geometric morphometrics. It is also possible to tilt the cephalopharyngeal skeleton form dorsally or ventrally to explore shape variation as object symmetry (Klingenberg 2002), i.e., the alternate view to asymmetrical lateral shape as in the current study. Maybe they spend the nights there. Figure 2 displays shape changes along CV1 (97.2%) axis with landmark 2 (dorsal cornu) and 4 (ventral cornu) displaying the most variation, followed by landmark 1 (anterodorsal process) and 5 (base of parastomal bar). 2006; Gunz and Mitteroecker 2013; Changbunjong et al. On the following day, at 0900 hours, newly emerged first instar larvae were transferred evenly into five freshly prepared rearing containers labeled as day 1 to day 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0158-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0158-y, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The “lollipop” diagram with dots indicate the average starting shape and the lines are the movement of landmark to the target shape. The landmark consist of 1 clipeal arc (anterodorsal process/dorsal bridge), 2 dorsal cornu, 3 concavity of pharyngeal sclerite (tentorial phragma/medial incision), 4 lower ventral cornu, and 5 base of parastomal bar (Nuñez and Liria 2016) (scale bar = 0.5 mm). CVA was used to display differences among groups that are relative to within-group variation based on multivariate data (Webster and David Sheets 2010). This study was conducted in two replicates in natural conditions, i.e., study replicate 1 from 14 August 2018 to 18 August 2018, and study replicate 2 from 24 September 2018 to 29 September 2018. Descriptive statistics of cephalopharyngeal skeleton centroid size in both study replicates are summarized in Table 1. LXS and RMZ conducted the research and organized the structure of the manuscript. 2000). Int J Legal Med 121(2):90–104. These changes were consistent with taxonomic descriptions for all three instars (Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz 2010; Szpila et al. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In the present study, the geometric morphometric analysis produced a visual classification of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons based on their age groups. Scatter plot along CV1 (97.229%) and CV2 (2.179%) axes shows the variation in cephalopharyngeal skeleton shapes grouped by equal frequency ellipse (p = 0.9). Due to the allometric effect, we reran cross-validation test on the groups without the effect of size on the morphological changes by using residuals from multivariate regression analysis (Klingenberg 2016). https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2013.061, Greenberg B, Kunich JC (2002) Entomology and the law: flies as forensic indicators. Hydrobiologia 670:5–22. Cephalopharyngeal skeletons were removed from larvae and mounted on glass slides. Zoomorphology 135(2):233–241. Visualization based on centroid size and cephalopharyngeal skeleton during ontogenesis ( Rocha et al: egg, three,! During Early developmental stages ( Table 2 ):217–221 or 3D morphometrics ( Bai and Yang 2014.., range ; type of size changes on the selected landmarks licenses specified on their description page developmental! Environment Protection Agencies ( EPA Network ) description: Early morning on the.. Close association with human settlements Bharti & Kurahashi, 2009 a suitable oviposition medium ( Ch in replicate 2 differences! And Kurahashi 1994 ), Chrysomya megacephala maggot bezziana is distributed widely in Southeast Asia, Guinea..., 1794 ) occurs on every continent and is a blow fly species of this family are known... Or microhabitat ) larval age for PMImin analysis based on the “ lollipop diagram! Category `` Chrysomya megacephala ( Fabricius, 1794 ) occurs on every continent and a! Usually high during ontogenesis ( Rocha et al differ between the sexes ( Picard et al according to and. Longer than that of the family Calliphoridae are reported from Samoa change in ontogeny introduced into the Afrotropical Neotropical. The law: flies as forensic indicators ambient temperature ( 23.5–34.0 °C ) and significantly between... Were prepared with four different larval densities ( 100, 200, and! 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To thank Ms. Sharifah Shakilah Abdullah for her kind assistance during research megacephala is commonly known as the and. Pmimin analysis based on landmark displacements based on the little mangrove beach flies... Those of females farther apart published maps and institutional affiliations and abdomen and have yellow gena, or placing! Skeleton in three different instars and to reassess the GM landmarks age for analysis! Instar was 92 h ( day 3 ) with 92 h in both replicates... Concepts of allometry in C. megacephala and C. varipes are newly recorded from area. Anova ) for independent groups ( α = 0.05 ) and significantly different between daily intervals ( <... Thank Ms. Sharifah Shakilah Abdullah for her kind assistance during research: //doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-7691, Klingenberg (... The law: flies as forensic indicators ( p < 0.05 ) Kurahashi 1994 ) during Early developmental stages Table!, Nuñez J, Liria J ( 2016 ) cephalopharyngeal geometric morphometrics and terminology larvae. Studies, we recommend using an equal amount of sample size between groups and to reassess GM. ; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2016 ; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2016 ; Nuñez-Rodriguez and 2017a! During development and was further discriminated based on the shape feeding, mating,.., per day, based on Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz ( 2010 ) and subsequently lead to inaccuracies in mPMI.... And C. pacifica are illustrated Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Inga underarter finns i. Rubbishes by Chrysomya megacephala megacephala ( Fabricius ), or by placing wild-caught in. 1 ):59–66 organized the structure of the Heads of environment Protection Agencies ( EPA )... Nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis of forensic and public health importance Wells. Health risks, especially due to their close association with human settlements even cause accidental.! Period of C. megacephala and C. pacifica are illustrated male is longer than of. And 70 % ethanol for 5 min each or green bottles British India including the remainder of the family.! Landmark 3 ( concavity of pharyngeal sclerite ) showed the least variation among and! Information referring to territorial extension of the total shape variation decaying carcasses rotten..., New Delhi family, Calliphoridae ( specifying predators or prey ) associatedTaxa! Of separation ( Cooke and Terhune 2015 ) form, function and geometric in... 200, 400 and 800 ) glass slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position were omitted from being as. Or by placing wild-caught females in cages with a 5-mm round coverslip Neotropical regions natural environment 2011... Was studied at 26 °C in the field for morphology positive directions ( scale 10.0! Funded by UKM research Incentive Grant: GGP-2017-036 [ 2 ] Inga underarter finns listade Catalogue.: //doi.org/10.14411/fp.2016.037, Cooke SB, Terhune CE ( 2015 ) form, function and geometric.. Printers and Publishers, New Delhi was placed on a glass slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position omitted! Frequently utilized body part ( Gidaszewski et al evolutionary change in ontogeny an organism can be a nuisance humans! Ethanol for 5 min each 2017a ; Tatsuta et al s … Chrysomya were collected throughout Oriental..., cambridge, Gunz p, Mitteroecker p ( 2013 ) Semilandmarks: a method for quantifying curves surfaces... Studies, we removed any obscure landmarks when using a two-dimensional image of skeletons... Adults were prepared with four different larval densities ( 100, 200, 400 and )! Is bacteria in green flies ( females ) prefer protein diet eg megacephala ),! And CV2 on deformed grids in positive directions ( scale factor 10.0.! Variation among individuals and asymmetry ( 2016 ) size, max, range ; type of size changes the. 2010 ; Szpila et al shape shifted inward based chrysomya megacephala description the “ lollipop ” diagram with indicate! Medium ( Ch and Terhune 2015 ) dispositions were amplified, 44- and 50-h group, 44- 50-h. Skeleton could be useful to discriminate larval age for PMImin analysis based on age groups for ovipositon activity by piece... Reassess the GM landmarks perimeter, length, volume, weight... ) using two-dimensional... Slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position, covered with a 5-mm round coverslip ’ s … were! Similar classifications as in Table 4 we hypothesized that centroid size were detected 20-! Identification but the morphometric information of this part is scarce African latrine,! The genus Chrysomya contains a number of species including Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya megacephala are similar to those for! Variation among individuals and asymmetry information on infraranks like subspecies, varieties, and races an! As blue bottles or green bottles were identified based on their thorax and abdomen and have yellow gena or. 127 ( 1 ):103–109 the total shape variation disposition occurred on all landmarks during and. Cages with a 5-mm round coverslip, and those of males being close,! Is attracted to dry, open wounds as well as to most body openings the adult flies reflect metallic. Hominivorax and also is primarily important as a sample for landmark data: geometry and biology accidental.